Lessons from Ebola in the Age of Zika

Posted on | August 23, 2016 | Comments Off on Lessons from Ebola in the Age of Zika

Mike Magee

In the run up to the Olympics, and now as they have drawn to a close, Zika has been top medical news when it comes to exotic infectious diseases. It’s story has been so compelling that the mosquito borne disease has pushed Ebola to the sidelines – an epidemic which infected  28,616 Africans and cost 11,310 their lives between 2013 and 2016.

The WHO Ebola Response team, to their credit, has recently published their insights in the NEJM. Here are some of their findings:

“The largest numbers of cases and deaths occurred in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, but an additional 36 cases were also reported from Italy, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.”

“Since 1976, and before the recent epidemic, there were 23 known Ebola outbreaks in equatorial Africa.”

The first case occurred in a 2 year old boy from a forested area of southeastern Guinea who died within 2 days on December 28, 2013. The causative agent was Zaire ebolavirus “probably acquired from an animal”. In March and April, the problem exploded with more than 100 regional cases. Thereafter, it spread primarily throughout three countries – Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

Of the three, Sierra Leone had the slowest spread. Their epidemic affected 8706 and lasted 22 weeks – case load doubling every 5 weeks. In Liberia 3163 were infected over 15 weeks with case load doubling every 2.8 weeks. Finally, Guinea’s 3358 cases occurred in only 9 weeks long but it’s case load doubled every 1.9 weeks, over-whelming resources.

The study stated, “For Ebola, as for some other infectious diseases, roughly 20% of cases can be considered to be ‘superspreaders,’ being sources of infection for about 80% of cases in the following generation… For example, during an outbreak in the fishing community of Aberdeen in Freetown during January and February 2015, EVD was confirmed in 24 people, with infection apparently acquired from a single source.”

Other observations:

“It is conceivable, but has not been proved, that the more explosive spread of infection across Liberia, and within the capital of Monrovia, stimulated the development of more rapid and effective interventions than in Guinea and Sierra Leone”

“Admitting patients to Ebola treatment centers and shortening the delay before hospitalization could have played a large part in slowing the increase and accelerating the decline in case incidence.”

“ The epidemic took 10 months to reach peak incidence (September 2014), but cases were reported for an additional 18 months (until April 2016), and there may be more to come.”

“In the long tail of the epidemic, foci of transmission persisted for many months during 2015, particularly in areas of Sierra Leone and Guinea where symptomatic patients were unwilling to seek medical care, where contacts of patients fled quarantine, and where deaths from EVD (epidemic viral disease) were followed by unsafe burials”

And finally, this lasting truth about infectious diseases and vulnerable populations:

“The critical question now is how to ensure that populations and their health services are ready for the next EVD outbreak, wherever it may occur. Health security across Africa and beyond depends on the resources made available both to strengthen national health services and to sustain investment in the next generation of technologies for Ebola control.”

“Medicaid-for-all” vs. “Medicare-for-all”.

Posted on | August 16, 2016 | Comments Off on “Medicaid-for-all” vs. “Medicare-for-all”.

Families USA/Medicaid Expansion

Mike Magee

The verdict is pretty much in – increasing health coverage through whatever means possible, improves health outcomes.

This is especially true for the large numbers of formerly uninsured who are now covered through Medicaid expansion plans offered through the Affordable Care Act. Healthy citizens are not only less sick (which means less expensive), but also more employable and productive. All the more confusing that 19 states continue to defy logic by refusing to sign up for ACA sponsored plans in their states. A careful look at the numbers may help explain why.

Here are a few facts:

1. Each state dollar invested in Medicaid expansion draws $7 – $8 dollars in federal support.

2. Decreases in uncompensated care could save non-participating states around $22 billion and the federal government around $40 billion.

3. In all states that have used the ACA Medicaid offering, savings have exceeded costs.

4. 19 states have refused to expand Medicaid to adults with incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty level. Were they all to participate, an additional 5 million currently uninsured would be covered.

Resistance to expansion of ACA Medicaid has been led primarily by Republican governors and Republican legislative bodies in 19 states. They fear being left with a big bill, even though the federal government covers 90% of the costs in perpetuity. They also worry that this is simply a strategy to convert the health care system from private to public, and from state to nationally controlled, much as they view the Medicare-for-all plans that have been floated during this political season.

Less often reported is physician resistance to seeing Medicaid patients. This has had less to do with politics, and more about financial self interest. Historically, Medicaid has been a remarkably poor payor in many states, with the occasional exception of obstetrical care. Rates today continue to be set by individual states. So even though you provide coverage, poor reimbursement may limit physician participation and therefore limit economically disadvantaged patients’ access to care.

What many physicians, especially specialists, have failed to realize is that Medicaid now comes very close to Medicare reimbursement levels in most states. In fact, in 33 states, Medicaid reimbursement is between 70% and 100+% of Medicare payment levels. That’s according to Kaiser’s “Medicaid-to-Medicare fee index measure”. Here are the top five best and worse states: 

Best:  North Dakota  141%, Alaska  129%, Montana  104%, Delaware  98%, Wyoming  96% (Wyoming is the only ACA non-participating state)

Worst: Rhode Island  38%, New Jersey  45%, California  52%, Michigan  54%, Florida  56%. (Florida is the only ACA non-participating state.)

But  comparing “Medicare-for-all” to  “Medicaid-for-all” is like comparing apples and oranges. Medicare is fundamentally a national fee schedule with local adjustments for cost-of-living etc. Medicare is accepted by most clinicians and functions with patient protections codified and enforced by a federal agency. It is true national health insurance, albeit administered in some cases though private insurers. Medicaid, in contrast, varies from state to state in its coverage schedule and payments, which are frequently adjusted to reflect individual state financial pressures and priorities, as interpreted by state political bodies.

The expansion of coverage for the poor in America through the ACA Medicaid offering has been a success in identifying the most vulnerable, bringing them out of the shadows, and enlisting them in programs of varying value. This is no doubt progress. But in health delivery, high degrees of variability in coverage schedules, or payment schedules, or consumer protections, is never good.

At the end of the day, as soon as is feasibly possible, we need to build upon Medicare’s national model. After all, if our national taxes are on the hook for 90% of the cost of Medicaid expansion anyway, why should we continue to carry the cost, in financial and human terms, of high state by state variability in performance?

Why Do Health Professionals and Their Schools Ignore The Planetary Patient?

Posted on | August 8, 2016 | 2 Comments

Mike Magee

If health is defined today as the capacity to reach one’s full human potential, our environment – including the quality and availability of water, air, soil, and plant and animal life – are critical determinants of human health. For too long health professionals have considered the planetary patient as beyond their domain. In reality, it is the health of this “patient” that provides the basis for all other health endeavors.

In embracing and caring for this “patient”, we learn that integrated solutions, forward thinking, team approaches to problem solving, wise prioritization and investment, and careful governance are essential to the future well being of our human population. In caring for the planet, we are instructed and guided on how best to care for each other. But in reality, improving the health of our planetary patient requires changes in human behavior.

Changing behavior is both a function of the message and the messenger. And studies consistently affirm that there are are no more powerful messengers in society – when it comes confidence and trust – than health professionals. We must ask ourselves then, how much progress could be made if caring professionals, who increasingly are assuming team leadership roles on a local level,  were fully educated and engaged in environmental health and applied the social capital of their relationship with the people and the community to fuel societal behavioral change?

How many of us took the time last week to review the NOAA report that certified that global temperatures last year were the highest ever recorded on Earth? Or how about the report from the United Nations that weather related disasters including life claiming floods and drought in the past decade averaged 335 per year, twice the rate of the prior decade?

In an age of Trumpian systematic denial of knowledge and truth, should we be concerned that fellow health professionals worldwide are generally unaware that nearly 20 million of our global patients were forced out of their homes by weather just last year?

If we are able to get our act together post-election, perhaps America will see the long awaited investment in aging infra-structure, and even new efforts to protect costal areas from rising seas, and address rapidly disappearing aquifers in our heartlands. But for developing nations, what will be their options? They have had little to do with the carbonization of our global atmosphere, but the price they pay will be outsized, as they are forced to migrate across other nation’s borders to literally save their lives.

The UN recently reported that it could cost up to $300 billion to build warning systems, address flooding, manage water supply, address drought related food shortages and more by 2030. The New York Times reported this week that “While the world ponders ways to reduce emissions, the consequences of climate change are already underway.”

In a piece last week addressing “The Medicalization of Public Health”, I suggested that academic health professional schools be re-integrated into their liberal arts universities.  That recommendation was based on the fact that in the world of public health, advances in prevention and population wellness have almost nothing to do with genomics, bio-tech, and personalized stem cell therapies, and everything to do with integrated approaches to social policies that advantage human potential. NIH investment in “precision medicine”, even if the name is changed to “precision health”, is no more likely to address the needs of population based public health than Trump’s tweet on January 25, 2014 about the “GLOBAL WARMING HOAX” will address the repercussions of a dangerously carbonized atmosphere.

Why do health professionals fail to see planetary health as part of their domain? Perhaps it is because their broader education was cut short by segregated pre-medical curricula, cloistered medical and nursing schools, and war-zone brutalizing residency training programs. Perhaps physicians and nurses and others were never allowed to fully develop, to explore social justice policy, to embrace environmental science, to understand how best to motivate enlightened human behavior. Perhaps we never reached our human potential, and maybe that’s why we have been unable to address the pressing needs of a planetary patient gasping for air, thirsting for clean water, and yearning for safety and security.

The Medicalization of Public Health: “Precision Medicine” vs. “Precision Health”?

Posted on | August 5, 2016 | 6 Comments

NIH Director Francis Collins

Mike Magee

Last week I was at a small, invitation only dinner in New York City, and left a bit downcast and feeling “odd man out”. I saw the failure as mine alone – an inability to articulate succinctly, and in few enough words, my concerns about the evening’s topic: Precision Health (that’s “precision health”, as I was repeatedly reminded throughout the dinner, most definitely not “precision medicine”).

The emphasis on the word “health” over the word “medicine” was apparently viewed by my sponsors as a free pass into the world of prevention where disease was avoided rather than treated. And yet, it was unclear whether the nomenclature change was accompanied by any significant change in medical organizational structure, career ladder incentives, research tools or tactics that would desegregate the academic medical center. There was no sign of a focus on public health social determinants or a desire to integrate the medical school into the broader liberal arts university community – not unless a strategic partnership with Google now qualifies as such.

“Precision Health” is in many ways the latest contribution to a war of words between “public health” and “precision medicine”.  Public Health, at least when it comes to NIH-funded projects, has been losing that battle. Funding for NIH projects with the word “public” or “population” in the title have declined by 90% in the past decade. In contrast, $15 billion of the total $26 billion of extramural NIH funding in 2016 has been awarded to projects that included one of the following four index terms – gene, genome, stem cells, or regenerative medicine.

Critics of the biomedical research community trace the problem back to NIH director Francis Collins who envisioned a genetic revolution in 1999, one which would unravel the genetic mysteries behind common chronic diseases, improve early diagnosis, drive preventive medicine efforts, result in new precise therapeutics, and result in a range of pharmaco-genetic treatments and stem cell therapy.

This focus, in concert with a massive effort to expand the use of electronic health records and harness the power of ever growing health databases, received a presidential endorsement in President Obama’s 2015 State of the Union address with the words, “Tonight, I’m launching a new Precision Medicine Initiative to bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes — and to give all of us access to the personalized information we need to keep ourselves and our families healthier.”

With the President’s support, the NIH has now embraced the call for $215 million in 2016 to support “precision medicine” – $130 million to enroll 1 million US volunteers in a long term interactive health database, and $70 million to study cancer genomics in yet another “war on cancer”. 

Now, a decade and a half since his initial pronouncements, Francis Collins is more convinced then ever that he’s on the right track, having stated “the 21st century is the century of biology”. He says, “the prospect of applying this concept broadly has been dramatically improved by the recent development of large-scale biologic databases (such as the human genome sequence), powerful methods for characterizing patients (such as proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, diverse cellular assays, and even mobile health technology), and computational tools for analyzing large sets of data. What is needed now is a broad research program to encourage creative approaches to precision medicine, test them rigorously, and ultimately use them to build the evidence base needed to guide clinical practice.”

To say his critics don’t see it that way would be something of an understatement. They say, “None of these popular topics has had any measurable effect on population mortality, morbidity, or life expectancy in the United States. The improvements of the past decades in these outcomes, which have been substantial but are now stalling, have largely reflected improvement in non medical aspects of everyday life and the operation of broad-based public health and classic prevention efforts, such as curtailing smoking, that are undervalued as outmoded and old-fashioned by the narrative.”

Those same critics, this week, went one step further, suggesting that rosy predictions and advertised results may be ethically compromised and require independent review. In their own words, “Assessors must be objective, independent of the funding source, and have no professional stake in whether a particular line of research is deemphasized. The deliverable criterion should include public health benefit achieved by these initiatives (ie, measurable reductions in mortality and morbidity). Criteria such as number of publications, citations, prizes, and recognition are irrelevant as these are simply self-rewarding artifacts of the system. After several decades of substantial investment, the fundamental question is whether these big ideas have improved quality of life and life expectancy, by how much, for how many, and for whom. These are public dollars that should benefit the many, not the few.”

Stalwarts of the Public Health community say, “Research undertaken in the name of precision medicine may well open new vistas of science, and precision medicine itself may ultimately make critical contributions to a narrow set of conditions that are primarily genetically determined. But the challenge we face to improve population health does not involve the frontiers of science and molecular biology. It entails development of the vision and willingness to address certain persistent social realities, and it requires an unstinting focus on the factors that matter most to the production of population health.”

In this week’s JAMA critique of “precision medicine”, titled “What Happens When Underperforming Big Ideas In Research Become Entrenched?”, the authors challenge both the results of “precision medicine” and the motives – including profit and career advancement. One of the three authors is the Director of the Stanford Prevention Research Center, the very same Stanford that today champions the term “precision health” over “precision medicine”. He is also the author of  “Why most Published Research Findings are False”, the most-accessed article in the history of Public Library of Science (exceeding 1.5 million hits), according to his Stanford professional bio.

Stanford Dean Lloyd Minor is the leader of their Precision Health movement. He wrote an article that appeared in the January 13, 2016 issue of Forbes titled “We Don’t Just Need Precision Medicine, We Need Precision Health”. In the article he states that since President Obama’s 2015 address, “we have seen many breakthroughs in the development of therapies tailored to individual patients to treat the deadliest of diseases”, citing President Carter’s recovery from brain cancer as an example. He believes those efforts are worthy of continued support, but should be broadened. As he writes, “instead of a frantic race to cure disease after the fact, we can increasingly focus on preventing disease before it strikes… we call this idea Precision Health, where we focus on helping individuals thrive based on all the factors that are unique to their lives, from their genetics to their environment.”

Changing or broadening terms is unlikely to settle the dispute, and Stanford isn’t the only university that lacks consensus on the issue. Columbia’s Mailman School of Public Health internal publication says, “Precision medicine or population health? On the face of it, the two couldn’t be further apart: one aims to tailor treatments to the few while the other works to confront disease for millions on a global scale.” As with Stanford, Columbia finds its leaders on both sides of the fence. Their president, Lee Bollinger, announced a institution wide precision medicine effort in 2014. But Sociomedical Sciences professor Ronald Bayer calls the promise of precision medicine a “stretch”. “People haven’t become obese because of a genetic transformation. They’re fat because they get the wrong foods. It’s not going to solve poverty or hunger.”

What I wanted to say the other night, but failed to effectively, is what I said in a speech to the Library of Congress on March 23, 2005. I said, “Health is profoundly political. Why is this the case? For multiple reasons: Health is a collection of resources unequally distributed in society. Health’s ‘social determinants’ such as housing, income, and employment, are critical to the accomplishment of individual, family, and community wellbeing and are themselves politically determined. Health is recognized by many throughout the world as a fundamental right, yet it is irreparably intertwined with our economic, social, and political systems. And growth in health, health care, and health systems requires political debate and political consensus.”

So if an academic medical center can integrate with its’ public health community, and with university sociologists, political scientists, economists, philosophers and theologians – as well as its basic scientists and computer scientists – to advance individual and population wide human potential in a sustained manner – and call it “Precision Health” – I’m all in. Otherwise, it’s just an empty branding exercise.

Note to AMA et al: Transparency and Sunshine Are In Your Own Best Interest

Posted on | July 29, 2016 | Comments Off on Note to AMA et al: Transparency and Sunshine Are In Your Own Best Interest

Mike Magee

The American Medical Association and its Federation, including the influential American College of Cardiology, took a stand this week – for “non-transparency”.  When it comes to the pharmaceutical and medical device industry paying the freight for doctors’ continuing education, they’d rather the patients and regulators be kept in the dark.

What they are objecting to specifically is a provision in the Sunshine Act of the Affordable Care Act, called OpenPayments, which requires companies to report all  direct and indirect payments, including those made through middlemen CME providers (83% of industry subsidies channel through these intermediaries), for free CME events, trips, textbooks and journals. The value of this hidden support in 2015 amounted to $693 million in subsidies.

In a letter to the Congressional committee considering a bill to exempt doctors from these embarrassing disclosures, the Medical Societies stated quite dramatically that they need relief “to remedy onerous and burdensome reporting obligations imposed by CMS that have already chilled the dissemination of medical textbooks and peer-reviewed medical reprints and journals…” They go on to say, “This legislation would ensure that efforts to promote transparency do not undermine efforts to provide the most up-to-date independent medical knowledge, which improves the quality of care patients receive.”

But, as the Wall Street Journal reported, some CME providers think that’s just preposterous. Daniel Carlat, a CME newsletter publisher and former head of the Pew Charitable Trusts Prescription Project said, “It’s a stretch to view free textbooks and free medical education as being anything other than a benefit to physicians. These are not direct benefits to patients. The only way these would benefit patients is if a drug company gave free books or courses to patients themselves.”

It is perhaps a testimony to the financial dependency and entanglement that exists between medical organizations and industry today that they are willing to make these arguments in the light of day. Just four months ago, ProPublica released a study of 2014 payment records from industry to physicians nationwide. What they found was a strong positive correlation between industry payments and numbers of brand name vs. generic prescriptions written. Internists who took no payments prescribed a specific brand drug 20% of the time, while those receiving more that $5000 in cash or subsidies that year went with branded industry products 30% of the time.

The open source database also found that 90% of cardiologists who had written more than 1000 Medicare scripts in 2014 had received industry payments. For internists and family physicians it was 70%. Payment in the database included “promotional speaking, consulting, business travel, meals, royalties, and gifts, among others.” They didn’t touch research dollars, which is a far bigger issue.

Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, interviewed in the ProPublica release, said  “It again confirms the prevailing wisdom . . . that there is a relationship between payments and brand-name prescribing. This feeds into the ongoing conversation about the propriety of these sorts of relationships. Hopefully, we’re getting past the point where people will say, ‘Oh, there’s no evidence that these relationships change physicians’ prescribing practices.’ ”

Yet Medical Organizations, and the physician leaders they represent, seem slow to get the message. Making the argument that transparency of such subsidies will slow scientific progress is indefensible. That the AMA and its Federation would expend valuable political capital in such a campaign raises serious questions about institutional independence. As the country continues to struggle with the aftermath of the opioid epidemic, an epidemic fueled by reckless prescribing, which in turn was ignited by fraudulent, medical society endorsed CME and peer review publications, one would expect that the AMA and others would have learned a lesson. And that lesson is – transparency and sunshine are in your own best interest.

The Three Pillars of the Medical-Industrial Complex – and the Physician. Part 5. Decoupling Research.

Posted on | July 15, 2016 | 4 Comments

VIEW ENTIRE SERIES

Mike Magee

Historically, for a century since the Flexner report, some 40 premier academic health systems have been the masters and the model for American health delivery, constantly reinforcing the three-prong definition of the ideal senior level “thought leader” and successful academic physician – researcher, teacher, clinician. But in 2009, AHA president, Rich Umberstock, predicted more change and more competition for the elite coming from every angle of his 5700 hospital institutions. As he saw it, the sources of this pressure would be electronically linked, seamless, risk-bearing integration, with and without an added graduate medical education apparatus.

As he said, “Our vision actually steps ahead of the traditional payment incentives that hospitals have been operating under.  And it also envisions a more integrated approach with physicians and other community interests because hospitals can’t improve the health of a population on our own – we need partners.  But, if the question is, should we be trying to diminish the reliance on treatment, then the answer is absolutely yes. Is there any other way to show that we’re on the side of the patient and the community?  No.”

That said, what should be done, if anything, about the 40 or so Academic Medical Centers whose academic physicians are the chief cogs in the wheels of commerce in the Medical-Industrial Complex, as they travel back and forth along the profitable roads that lead from bedside to research lab to government panels and Congressional testimonials? And how much money is at stake? Is it enough to make conflicts of interest unavoidable? And are these top flight institutions increasingly dependent and beholding to federal and industry dollars?

The answer to the final question is a definitive yes. As the government and insurers have moved to managed care, and payment restrictions and penalties have increased, occupancy rates have continued to fall. The losses on the in-patient side have continued to grow, though expansion of insurance coverage, especially for the poor and urban communities, and ramping up of faculty ambulatory practice plans have buffered the losses. Still, the reliance on federal and industry research dollars is now well-entrenched and expanding daily.

The grand-daddy of the Academic Medical Center is Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, founded in 1928. This is where New York Times columnist, Steven Brill, turned for emergency surgery for his aortic aneurysm. It lays claim to being “the world’s first medical center to combine complete patient care, medical education and research facilities in a single complex.” Its medical school, the College of Physicians & Surgeons, is revered. In 1997, it merged with the New York Hospital and its’ Cornell School of Medicine to form New York-Presbyterian Hospital. In the following two decades, the corporation has expanded its care network folding in dozens of ambulatory sites and smaller hospitals. In the first decade of the new century, it also launched the Irving Cancer Research Building, the Audubon IV center for biotechnology research, and a new research building on 165th street. Those investments paid off richly. In 2007 alone, the organization was awarded 742 million in NIH grants. Were one to fold in state grants, Foundation grants, research directed personal philanthropy, and non-transparent financial support and research partnerships with pharmaceutical and medical device companies, this figure could be safely doubled.

As recounted by Brill, the institution now houses some 22,000 employees servicing roughly 125,000 patients a year who partially occupy 2500 hospital beds. Total revenue is in the range of $4 billion a year, with operating profits of around $500 million. Their are 11 skilled executives within the organization that earn over $1 million in compensation a year. At the top of the ladder is their physician CEO, with a salary well in excess of $3 million a year. He would willing tell you that the future viability of his organization is increasingly dependent on research dollars. But is that good for the physicians, patients, or society overall?

These select hospitals find themselves in the same quandary as the AMA, whose dependency on industry income though journal advertising, sponsorship of CME, or underwriting of specialty organizations and the fully bought consumer organizations they spawn, have left AMA leadership irreparably entangled and ethically compromised. One need only look at the current opioid epidemic for evidence. The prescription for hospitals is the same as for the AMA. Balance of power must be re-established through rules and regulations that manage these oligopolies.

For the Academic Medical Center, this means splitting off one of the three historic arms of the academic physician’s mission. In short, education and clinical care must create legal and ethical firewalls that separate it from research. Only by doing this can the public be confident that their interests, and not those of various corporate entities are being served. Research enterprises must stand on their own, in the full glare, and under the close examination of  “comparative effectiveness” research, with appropriate independent governmental agencies assuring safety, quality, and transparency.

Steven Corwin, MD, CEO of New York-Presbyterian likely well deserves his compensation. It is an enormous enterprise he is managing. But he need not be the czar of an entrepreneurial research effort as well, while attempting to serve New York City’s daily health and wellness needs. Segregating health and professional education and training, from profit driven biomedical research is long overdue. As AHA’s Rich Umbdenstock suggests, hospitals have their hands full already these days. CEO’s need to be judged primarily based on their provision of efficient, seamless, and integrated care of patients and community. He says, “Integration is a fancy word, I think, for everybody playing a role in a larger system, in a way that coordinates both resource deployment and service delivery… ideally the medical and nursing schools and clinical practicums will promote that, but also you’ll see it organizationally and rewarded within organizations because of the potential for both greater coordination and greater resource efficiency…there’s now a track record of greater integration across the country that President Obama has touted and others are looking to—the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Geisinger Health System, Intermountain Healthsystem, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Mayo Clinic, and others.”

If we wish to substantially reform American health care, we must go where the money and bodies are hidden – that’s research. The AMA, its Federation and peer review journals, the AAMC, the premier Academic Health Centers, the NIH and FDA, and the public’s understanding of “scientific progress” and what’s best for our health, all tract back to a non-transparent and conflicted medical research apparatus. By segregating and exposing it’s finances and, in some cases, unhealthy relationships to critical examination, we may finally understand why the vastly expensive American health care system, at least on some scales, has so remarkably  under-performed.

Interactive Map Of Sources Of 33,000 Gun Deaths In America.

Posted on | July 15, 2016 | Comments Off on Interactive Map Of Sources Of 33,000 Gun Deaths In America.

Source: FiveThirtyEight

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